Press and hold the power button on your Mac to completely shut it off. Hard discs and fans need to stop spinning, and the screen needs to go dark. If your noise levels are high or spiking, you can try finding a better Wi-Fi channel or logging into your router settings through your browser and changing from the 2.4GHz to the 5GHz band. Wi-Fi Switching Off After Sleep Wake. This one's a common problem for Mac users, where the Wi-Fi disconnects when the Mac wakes from sleep.
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Generic Name:nitrofurantoin (NYE troe fue RAN toin)
Brand Name:Macrobid, Macrodantin, Nitro Macro
Medically reviewed by Sanjai Sinha, MD. Last updated on April 1, 2020.
What is Macrobid?
Macrobid (nitrofurantoin) is an antibiotic that fights bacteria in the body.
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Macrobid is used to treat urinary tract infections.
Macrobid may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.
Warnings
You should not take Macrobid if you have severe kidney disease, urination problems, or a history of jaundice or liver problems caused by nitrofurantoin.
Do not take Macrobid if you are in the last 2 to 4 weeks of pregnancy.
Before taking this medicine
You should not take Macrobid if you are allergic to nitrofurantoin, or if you have:
severe kidney disease;
a history of jaundice or liver problems caused by taking nitrofurantoin;
if you are urinating less than usual or not at all; or
if you are in the last 2 to 4 weeks of pregnancy.
Do not take Macrobid if you are in the last 2 to 4 weeks of pregnancy.
To make sure Macrobid is safe for you, tell your doctor if you have:
kidney disease;
anemia;
diabetes;
an electrolyte imbalance or vitamin B deficiency;
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency; or
any type of debilitating disease.
FDA pregnancy category B. Baram mac os. Macrobid is not expected to be harmful to an unborn baby during early pregnancy. Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant during treatment.
Nitrofurantoin can pass into breast milk and may harm a nursing baby. You should not breast-feed while you are taking Macrobid.
Macrobid should not be given to a child younger than 1 month old.
How should I take Macrobid?
Take Macrobid exactly as prescribed by your doctor. Follow all directions on your prescription label. Do not take this medicine in larger or smaller amounts or for longer than recommended.
Take Macrobid with food.
Shake the oral suspension (liquid) well just before you measure a dose. Measure liquid medicine with the dosing syringe provided, or with a special dose-measuring spoon or medicine cup. If you do not have a dose-measuring device, ask your pharmacist for one.
You may mix your liquid dose with water, milk, or fruit juice to make it easier to swallow. Drink the entire mixture right away.
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Use this medicine for the full prescribed length of time. Your symptoms may improve before the infection is completely cleared. Skipping doses may also increase your risk of further infection that is resistant to antibiotics. Macrobid will not treat a viral infection such as the common cold or flu.
Macrobid is usually given for 5 days in females and 7 days in males for uncomplicated UTI.
If you use this medicine long-term, for prevention of UTI, you may need frequent medical tests at your doctor's office.
Macrobid can cause unusual results with certain lab tests for glucose (sugar) in the urine. Tell any doctor who treats you that you are using Macrobid.
Marathon runner mac os. Store at room temperature away from moisture, heat, and light.
What happens if I miss a dose?
Take the missed dose as soon as you remember. Skip the missed dose if it is almost time for your next scheduled dose. Do not take extra medicine to make up the missed dose.
What happens if I overdose?
Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222.
What to avoid
Antibiotic medicines can cause diarrhea, which may be a sign of a new infection. If you have diarrhea that is watery or has blood in it, call your doctor. Do not use any medicine to stop the diarrhea unless your doctor has told you to.
Avoid using antacids without your doctor's advice. Use only the type of antacid your doctor recommends. Some antacids can make it harder for your body to absorb nitrofurantoin.
Macrobid side effects
Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction to Macrobid: hives; difficult breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.
Call your doctor at once if you have:
diarrhea that is watery or bloody;
sudden chest pain or discomfort, wheezing, dry cough or hack;
new or worsening cough, trouble breathing;
fever, chills, body aches, tiredness, unexplained weight loss;
numbness, tingling, or pain in your hands or feet;
liver problems--nausea, upper stomach pain, itching, tired feeling, loss of appetite, dark urine, clay-colored stools, jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes); or
lupus-like syndrome--joint pain or swelling with fever, swollen glands, muscle aches, chest pain, vomiting, unusual thoughts or behavior, and patchy skin color.
Serious side effects may be more likely in older adults and those who are ill or debilitated.
Common Macrobid side effects may include:
headache, dizziness;
gas, upset stomach;
mild diarrhea; or
vaginal itching or discharge.
This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.
Dosing information
Usual Adult Dose for Cystitis:
Regular release: 50 to 100 mg orally 4 times a day for 1 week or for at least 3 days after urine sterility is obtained
Dual release: 100 mg orally twice a day for 7 days
Usual Adult Dose for Cystitis Prophylaxis:
Regular release: 50 to 100 mg orally once a day at bedtime
Usual Pediatric Dose for Cystitis:
Regular release:
1 month or older: 5 to 7 mg/kg/day (up to 400 mg/day) orally in 4 divided doses
Dual release:
Greater than 12 years: 100 mg orally twice a day for 7 days
Usual Pediatric Dose for Cystitis Prophylaxis:
Regular release:
1 month or older: 1 to 2 mg/kg/day (up to 100 mg/day) orally in 1 to 2 divided doses
What other drugs will affect Macrobid?
Other drugs may interact with nitrofurantoin, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products. Tell each of your health care providers about all medicines you use now and any medicine you start or stop using.
Frequently asked questions
More about Macrobid (nitrofurantoin)
- During Pregnancy or Breastfeeding
Consumer resources
- Other brands
- Macrodantin, Furadantin
Professional resources
Related treatment guides
Further information
Brick breaker bunch (itch) mac os. Remember, keep this and all other medicines out of the reach of children, never share your medicines with others, and use Macrobid only for the indication prescribed.
Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.
Copyright 1996-2021 Cerner Multum, Inc. Version: 9.02.
Even as the word retina has become commonplace, the macula and its diseases are often misunderstood. The retina is the light-sensitive layer of cells that lines the inside of the eye.
The many layers of the retina work together to convert light focused on the retina into an exquisitely detailed message that travels to the visual cortex in the brain. There, the message is decoded and directs us to take action— 'that's a fine looking piece of pie!'
The macula is the part of the retina that helps us see fine detail, faraway objects, and color. It's packed with more photoreceptors (light-sensitive cells) than any TV or monitor. The small, central area of the retina is worth the most—the bullseye of sight. Macular edema, degeneration, hole, pucker, drusen (small yellowish deposits), scar, fibrosis, hemorrhage, and vitreomacular traction are common conditions that involve the macula. When macular disease is present, distorted vision (metamorphopsia), blank spots (scotoma), and blurred vision are common symptoms.
Download Fact Sheetdownload large print fact sheetSpanish Translation
Symptoms
Macular edema refers to an abnormal blister of fluid in the layers of the macula. From the side, it looks like the snake that ate too much. Like a droplet of water on your computer screen, the swollen retina distorts images—making it more difficult to see clearly. The more widespread, thicker, and severe the swelling becomes, the more likely one will notice visual symptoms of blur, distortion, and difficulty reading.
If untreated, chronic macular edema can lead to irreversible damage of the macula and permanent vision loss. Macular edema is typically caused by increased leakage from damaged retinal blood vessels or growth of abnormal blood vessels in the deep retina. New vessels (neovascularization or NV) do not have normal 'tight junctions' and almost always result in abnormal leakage of fluid (serum from the bloodstream) into the retina.
Risk factors
Macular edema is not a disease, but is the result of one.
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As with other conditions where abnormal fluid accumulates (leg swelling, pulmonary edema, hives, and allergy), macular edema can be caused by many factors including
- Metabolic conditions (diabetes)
- Blood vessel diseases (vein occlusion/blockage)
- Aging (macular degeneration)
- Hereditary diseases (retinitis pigmentosa)
- Traction on the macula (macular hole, macular pucker, and vitreomacular traction)
- Inflammatory conditions (sarcoidosis, uveitis)
- Toxicity
- Neoplastic conditions (eye tumors)
- Trauma
- Surgical causes (following eye surgery)
- Unknown (idiopathic) causes
Macular edema occurs when the retina's ability to absorb fluid is overwhelmed by the fluid leaking into it. If more rain falls on the lawn than it can handle, you get puddles of water. In the retina, blisters of fluid form and swell the retina—this is macular edema. Factors likely to cause macular edema include conditions that:
- Cause more fluid to leak from blood vessels (diabetes and high blood pressure)
- Increase inflammation in the eye (surgery, inflammatory diseases)
- Are associated with the growth of abnormal blood vessels (wet age-related macular degeneration)
Diagnostic testing
Fluorescein angiography (Figure 1) and optical coherence tomography (OCT; Figure 2) are 2 common tests to evaluate macular edema. Based on the appearance of fluid on these tests, macular edema may be widespread, localized, or be made up of many small blisters surrounding the center of the macula—a common form called cystoid macular edema.
Figure 1. Fluorescein angiography in the left eye of a patient with severe changes of diabetic retinopathy. The numerous small white spots represent weak, dilated areas of the retinal blood vessels, called microaneurysms. These are well seen in the early phases of the angiogram (above). In the right eye of a different patient, the pinpoint microaneurysms (above center) become fuzzy in appearance as the fluorescein dye leaks from the blood vessels into the surrounding retinal tissue (above right). When leakage involves the central retina, it is called macular edema. | Figure 2. Optical Coherence Tomography and Macular Edema (Images courtesy of the ASRS Retina Image Bank, contributed by Dr. Suber Huang) OCT is a useful test to study macular edema (ME). • The top image is normal. Note the even layers and gently sloping dip of the macula called the fovea. This eye has excellent vision. • The middle OCT has ME, black-appearing cysts (arrows) which threaten the normal fovea. This eye also has good vision. • The bottom OCT shows ME involving the macula. Because ME involves the macular center (the fovea), vision is poor (large red arrow). |
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Use this medicine for the full prescribed length of time. Your symptoms may improve before the infection is completely cleared. Skipping doses may also increase your risk of further infection that is resistant to antibiotics. Macrobid will not treat a viral infection such as the common cold or flu.
Macrobid is usually given for 5 days in females and 7 days in males for uncomplicated UTI.
If you use this medicine long-term, for prevention of UTI, you may need frequent medical tests at your doctor's office.
Macrobid can cause unusual results with certain lab tests for glucose (sugar) in the urine. Tell any doctor who treats you that you are using Macrobid.
Marathon runner mac os. Store at room temperature away from moisture, heat, and light.
What happens if I miss a dose?
Take the missed dose as soon as you remember. Skip the missed dose if it is almost time for your next scheduled dose. Do not take extra medicine to make up the missed dose.
What happens if I overdose?
Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222.
What to avoid
Antibiotic medicines can cause diarrhea, which may be a sign of a new infection. If you have diarrhea that is watery or has blood in it, call your doctor. Do not use any medicine to stop the diarrhea unless your doctor has told you to.
Avoid using antacids without your doctor's advice. Use only the type of antacid your doctor recommends. Some antacids can make it harder for your body to absorb nitrofurantoin.
Macrobid side effects
Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction to Macrobid: hives; difficult breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.
Call your doctor at once if you have:
diarrhea that is watery or bloody;
sudden chest pain or discomfort, wheezing, dry cough or hack;
new or worsening cough, trouble breathing;
fever, chills, body aches, tiredness, unexplained weight loss;
numbness, tingling, or pain in your hands or feet;
liver problems--nausea, upper stomach pain, itching, tired feeling, loss of appetite, dark urine, clay-colored stools, jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes); or
lupus-like syndrome--joint pain or swelling with fever, swollen glands, muscle aches, chest pain, vomiting, unusual thoughts or behavior, and patchy skin color.
Serious side effects may be more likely in older adults and those who are ill or debilitated.
Common Macrobid side effects may include:
headache, dizziness;
gas, upset stomach;
mild diarrhea; or
vaginal itching or discharge.
This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.
Dosing information
Usual Adult Dose for Cystitis:
Regular release: 50 to 100 mg orally 4 times a day for 1 week or for at least 3 days after urine sterility is obtained
Dual release: 100 mg orally twice a day for 7 days
Usual Adult Dose for Cystitis Prophylaxis:
Regular release: 50 to 100 mg orally once a day at bedtime
Usual Pediatric Dose for Cystitis:
Regular release:
1 month or older: 5 to 7 mg/kg/day (up to 400 mg/day) orally in 4 divided doses
Dual release:
Greater than 12 years: 100 mg orally twice a day for 7 days
Usual Pediatric Dose for Cystitis Prophylaxis:
Regular release:
1 month or older: 1 to 2 mg/kg/day (up to 100 mg/day) orally in 1 to 2 divided doses
What other drugs will affect Macrobid?
Other drugs may interact with nitrofurantoin, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products. Tell each of your health care providers about all medicines you use now and any medicine you start or stop using.
Frequently asked questions
More about Macrobid (nitrofurantoin)
- During Pregnancy or Breastfeeding
Consumer resources
- Other brands
- Macrodantin, Furadantin
Professional resources
Related treatment guides
Further information
Brick breaker bunch (itch) mac os. Remember, keep this and all other medicines out of the reach of children, never share your medicines with others, and use Macrobid only for the indication prescribed.
Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.
Copyright 1996-2021 Cerner Multum, Inc. Version: 9.02.
Even as the word retina has become commonplace, the macula and its diseases are often misunderstood. The retina is the light-sensitive layer of cells that lines the inside of the eye.
The many layers of the retina work together to convert light focused on the retina into an exquisitely detailed message that travels to the visual cortex in the brain. There, the message is decoded and directs us to take action— 'that's a fine looking piece of pie!'
The macula is the part of the retina that helps us see fine detail, faraway objects, and color. It's packed with more photoreceptors (light-sensitive cells) than any TV or monitor. The small, central area of the retina is worth the most—the bullseye of sight. Macular edema, degeneration, hole, pucker, drusen (small yellowish deposits), scar, fibrosis, hemorrhage, and vitreomacular traction are common conditions that involve the macula. When macular disease is present, distorted vision (metamorphopsia), blank spots (scotoma), and blurred vision are common symptoms.
Download Fact Sheetdownload large print fact sheetSpanish Translation
Symptoms
Macular edema refers to an abnormal blister of fluid in the layers of the macula. From the side, it looks like the snake that ate too much. Like a droplet of water on your computer screen, the swollen retina distorts images—making it more difficult to see clearly. The more widespread, thicker, and severe the swelling becomes, the more likely one will notice visual symptoms of blur, distortion, and difficulty reading.
If untreated, chronic macular edema can lead to irreversible damage of the macula and permanent vision loss. Macular edema is typically caused by increased leakage from damaged retinal blood vessels or growth of abnormal blood vessels in the deep retina. New vessels (neovascularization or NV) do not have normal 'tight junctions' and almost always result in abnormal leakage of fluid (serum from the bloodstream) into the retina.
Risk factors
Macular edema is not a disease, but is the result of one.
Loss Of Fluid Mac Os 11
As with other conditions where abnormal fluid accumulates (leg swelling, pulmonary edema, hives, and allergy), macular edema can be caused by many factors including
- Metabolic conditions (diabetes)
- Blood vessel diseases (vein occlusion/blockage)
- Aging (macular degeneration)
- Hereditary diseases (retinitis pigmentosa)
- Traction on the macula (macular hole, macular pucker, and vitreomacular traction)
- Inflammatory conditions (sarcoidosis, uveitis)
- Toxicity
- Neoplastic conditions (eye tumors)
- Trauma
- Surgical causes (following eye surgery)
- Unknown (idiopathic) causes
Macular edema occurs when the retina's ability to absorb fluid is overwhelmed by the fluid leaking into it. If more rain falls on the lawn than it can handle, you get puddles of water. In the retina, blisters of fluid form and swell the retina—this is macular edema. Factors likely to cause macular edema include conditions that:
- Cause more fluid to leak from blood vessels (diabetes and high blood pressure)
- Increase inflammation in the eye (surgery, inflammatory diseases)
- Are associated with the growth of abnormal blood vessels (wet age-related macular degeneration)
Diagnostic testing
Fluorescein angiography (Figure 1) and optical coherence tomography (OCT; Figure 2) are 2 common tests to evaluate macular edema. Based on the appearance of fluid on these tests, macular edema may be widespread, localized, or be made up of many small blisters surrounding the center of the macula—a common form called cystoid macular edema.
Figure 1. Fluorescein angiography in the left eye of a patient with severe changes of diabetic retinopathy. The numerous small white spots represent weak, dilated areas of the retinal blood vessels, called microaneurysms. These are well seen in the early phases of the angiogram (above). In the right eye of a different patient, the pinpoint microaneurysms (above center) become fuzzy in appearance as the fluorescein dye leaks from the blood vessels into the surrounding retinal tissue (above right). When leakage involves the central retina, it is called macular edema. | Figure 2. Optical Coherence Tomography and Macular Edema (Images courtesy of the ASRS Retina Image Bank, contributed by Dr. Suber Huang) OCT is a useful test to study macular edema (ME). • The top image is normal. Note the even layers and gently sloping dip of the macula called the fovea. This eye has excellent vision. • The middle OCT has ME, black-appearing cysts (arrows) which threaten the normal fovea. This eye also has good vision. • The bottom OCT shows ME involving the macula. Because ME involves the macular center (the fovea), vision is poor (large red arrow). |
Treatment and prognosis
The most effective treatment strategies for macular edema address the underlying cause (diabetes, blood vessel occlusion, neovascularization, inflammation, etc), as well as an excess of fluid leaking from abnormal blood vessels in and around the macula. Eye drops, laser, and surgery can be effective in many diseases, but the mainstay of treatment is intravitreal injections (IVI).
The IVI is an office procedure performed under topical anesthesia in which medication is placed inside the eye by a very small needle. The injection genrally causes little to no pain. IVI should be performed by a trained retina specialist with meticulous monitoring of treatment efficacy and detection of rare but potentially serious complications. IVI is now considered one of the most commonly performed medical procedures.
Ranibizumab (Lucentis®), aflibercept (Eylea®), and dexamethasone (Ozurdex®) are the generic and trade names, respectively, of the 3 most widely used FDA-approved medications for IVI treatment of the common conditions causing macular edema.
Bevacizumab (Avastin®) is not FDA approved for this use, but has also been extensively studied in large, well-designed, federally funded clinical trials and is felt to have excellent efficacy. US physicians are permitted to use drugs in a manner not included in the FDA's approved packaging label; this common practice is known as off-label use.
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Each treatment option has a considerable track record of success and works by decreasing the amount of fluid leaking from abnormal blood vessels. There are differences between each of these drugs. Your retina specialist will work with you to identify which options are best for you.
Macular edema is a common finding in many diseases of the retina, almost all of which can be treated to improve vision. As with other conditions, the visual prognosis depends on the severity of the underlying condition, its duration, the general health of the eye, and the degree to which vision has been affected.
There has never been a more successful time in the treatment of macular edema from a variety of causes, and more promising therapies will be available in the future.
